Training Development Written Project Essay Example for Free

educate maturation Written Project EssayThis written chuck will discuss the swear out involved in the design of discipline, learning, and paygrade. I will begin by breaking down the need discernment binding the summons, analysis, and various methods. I will also cover the process of learning and discuss two theories which will support specific processes of learning. The process will implicate how age influences learning and retention of association. Fin eithery, I will cover the importance of evaluation of development, the process of choosing an evaluation design, and the value placed on training evaluation by an employee. The content of this paper will be found on information covered in Raymond A. Noes (2010) text book Employee Training and Development (5th edition). The process described will theatrical role other sources to support Noes finding as it pertains to the written project content. Needs Assessment An effective training design begins with a needs assess ment. A needs assessment al natural depressions the gathering of information which better prep ars the modeling of training. The needs assessment provides an analysis of organization, people, and projections.Each has a distinct influence on the depth of training developed and methods ruff suited for the organization. The needs assessment allows the trainer to address whether the requirement for training is based on performance, motivation, stock design or communication. The defining of training requirements ensures the validity of content developed, course objectives, and training method. The assessment also allows a trainer to cast if the trainee has the grassroots dexteritys and confidence to learn. Finally, an assessment will determine if the training meets the corporate strategy and expected outcome.According to Noe (2010), pressure points influence training design, These pressure points take performance problems, new technology, internal or immaterial customer requests for training, job redesign, new legislation, shifts in customer preferences, new products, or employee lack of basic skills. (pg. 104) Who should get into in the needs assessment? The text suggests that upper mid-level managers, trainers, and employees should participate in the assessment. Upper-level heed iews the assessment from a corporate level.They will determine if training meets the corporate strategy. The mid-level management will determine budget, who should be trained, and what jobs will make the largest impact on production. The trainer will determine training delivery, identification of trainees, and basic skills, knowledge and characteristic required. Noe goes on to state that it is important to include job incumbents in the assessment process. These argon man-to-mans who perform the task and tend to be the roughly knowledgeable. (Noe, 2010, pg. 05-106) In an article, written by J. L. Utecht (2005), she states that a needs analysis should reach at least ten pe rcent of the work force.Those participants should be the work provide do the job, front-line supervisors, upper-level management, and union members and representatives when applicable. She goes on to state that the group should range in age, ethnicities, job types, shifts, and seniority. These statements support and expand on Noes idea of assessment participants. (Uteht, 2005) Lets begin by breaking down the analysis process.Organizational Analysis The Organizational analysis will identify the corporate strategy for training, the support of management and employees, and the availability of internal resources to adopt and train its staff. The first key component of any assessment is to settle a budget. Training essential(prenominal) present a value which is backed by capital expenditure. This simple question of budgeted resource allows the person conducting the assessment necessary ground work for the join of time and resource which may be dedicated to training.The second compo nent of an organization analysis is to understand the business strategy behind training. Training increases the value, or skill currency, of its employees. Strategies can consist of a concentration in increased market share and court reduction, internal growth with research and development, external growth of market share through vendors and suppliers, or disinvestment of corporate divisions. These strategies will assist in the development of training and how that skill and knowledge will be deployed. Once a budget and strategy take aim been define the next step is support.While an overall corporate support is required for any made training endeavor, upper and mid-level management is paramount since they approve allocations of funds. Support should include a positive attitude from management and peers to incite enthusiasm among the targeted trainees. There must be a perceived value to the knowledge which the training supports. Information must be provided on how the training wi ll enhance productivity and succeeder in the trainees given job. The next step is identifying resources and whether the company has the budget, time and expertise for training.Support of training can be readily established if upper management sees the economic value of training output and cost justification. A crucial step of defining a training model is determining the most cost effective approach. If training is an ongoing organizational vision there may be a better return on investment if training is internalized. If it is resolved that training is better served by a third party, then a request for proposal will be required. This outlines the requirements of training which include the type of training, the enactment of trainees, funding, date of completion, evaluation, and follow-up training.The criteria standards will allow for the evaluation, elimination, and awarding of the most competent vendor. (Noe, 2010, pg. 110 113) The impact of the organization analysis is what defi nes the budget, strategy, and support. These factors are the foundation of a needs assessment and should be the first thing analyzed. Person Analysis In this analysis we identify for whom and why training is required. The person analysis requires that we understand the task the individual performs. This foundation allows us to determine the employee readiness for training.We must determine the personal characteristics required for learning and applying training context. The personal characteristics consist of individual cognitive ability and reading level. Context must be relevant to the persons learning ability. The individual must also believe in their ability to learn. If training is to be successful the context must provide a need, interest, or meet the goal of the trainee. This simple understanding of who the training is directed will motivate individual behavior and the desire to learn. So now that we have discerned the characteristics required for training, we must create a l earning environment.A well-conceived training curriculum can be lost if the environment does not afford a focus to learn. Many times individuals are pulled from training tasks to perform job duties. This is both counterproductive and erodes the pecuniary benefits expended on the training. Successful training requires concise and understandable input. excitant can be instructions, job-related objectives, training materials and other work attendings which support the training program. Input also consists of honourment through verbal and written feedback. Encouraging trainee involvement, practice, and feedback are elements to a successful learning experience.A positive training experience is the best endorsement. Those trained will share their experience with their peers and create enthusiasm and interest. For training to be effective an assessment must identify the required output. What is the performance view of the trainee and are they aware of those expectations? If a trainee knows the required outcome expected of them, they are more apt to learn. The knowledge and skill achieved can be gauged by task proficiency through performance and knowledge proficiency through the form of testing. Individuals must have the willingness to learn.Clear and positive expectations of training must be delivered. To reinforce this behavior there must be reward and incentive for applying this knowledge and skill in ones job. The responsibility of knowledge transfer should be fostered by the corporate entity. As we have discussed this should include, but not limited to, positive management and peer support, time given to learning, and a consequence through reward for successful completion of training curriculum. (Noe, 2010, pg. 113 123) Task Analysis This is the most important aspect of developing an effective training course.We must first define the job or task for analysis. To provide a complete assessment we must understand the tasks of the position itself. We can achiev e this through interviews and observation of those performing the said task. These can validate the knowledge, ability, and skill requirements needed to perform a task effectively. We may also validate our assessment by involving subject occasion experts. To complete the task assessment it must meet the companys goals and objectives. Another step of task analysis is the incorporation of a competency evaluation.This allows the inclination of the skills and abilities which the trainee will require in their job function. I will discuss evaluation in more detail later in the written project. Training can then be modeled to focus on the deficiencies of an individuals knowledge which lends to the training strategy. Since employee skills are not equal, we must determine the skill set of each and provide training accordingly. This leads us back to the readiness for training and will allow a curriculum to advance the knowledge and skills of all participants.The task assessment is not only a tool for our training model but is also an invaluable tool for coaching and development of the employee. Managers are often overwhelmed with the minutiae of administrative tasks which impede their core responsibility of developing employees. The text refers to creating a road map for identifying opportunities for growth and development. This transcends the task of modeling training and provides an additional value to a company if recognized and applied. (Noe, 2010, pg. 123 127) Methods Used in Needs Assessment There are various methods related to a needs assessment.Because no one method is better than the next it is common to use more than one. Here is a list of methods which show the advantages and disadvantages of each. The observation method allows for real information and minimizes work interruption. Unfortunately, it requires the observer to be skilled in the task which they are observing. It is also likely that those being observed will not behave as they would in a norma l setting. The questionnaire method is inexpensive, provides a larger data group, and can easily be summarized. The disadvantage is there are usually low return rates.The questions usually lack detail and only provide data specific to the question. Interviews are effective in uncovering detail that questionnaires lack. The interview process may sometimes uncover details which were not known prior, allowing for modification. The disadvantage is that it requires skilled interviewers, scheduling, time for the interview, and may be threatening to Subject military issue Experts. A focus group can be useful in complex or controversial issues. These groups are usually made up of Subject Matter Experts from the various levels targeted for training.This group interaction allows for modifications by uncovering issues which may be difficult to glean from observations or questionnaires. The disadvantage is the group often gives answers they think you postulate to hear. Often there is trepidat ion for lower level employees to voice concerns when management is present. This can contaminate the analysis process by ignoring the needs of the employees performing the task. skillful training materials can also provide a wealth of information in relation to a task. Unfortunately, the information is only as good as its source.Often the information is outdate or difficult to understand. Finally, online technology can be used to define the strengths and weaknesses of an employee. Unfortunately, these are often viewed as threatening and may be perceived as a way to surplus their position. The other threat is that managers may use the content for punitive measures rather than an opportunity for coaching and development. The use of multiple methods allows data to be validated against another. The method used will often depend on the environment which is being analyzed.It becomes the task of the individual performing the assessment to utilize those methods which provide the most relev ant data to the task performed. Often a method of benchmarking is used to define the training practices of a competitor. The speech pattern on Total Quality Management may require this practice to determine type, level, and frequency of training. Benchmarking coupled with methods discussed above should provide valuable data and aid in the development of a training model which best fits the business strategy of the organization. (Noe, 2010 pg. 07 109) The overall benefit of the needs assessment is the process and steps defined above. Each step is important to maximizing the return of investment of training. The importance of the process is that it provides a basis for the assessment to cover the various aspects of organization, person, and task. The methods of interviews, observation, questioners, focus groups, documentation, and online technologies are vehicles to determine an effective format with which to train. Without a needs assessment an organization would be ill equipped to determine whether training is necessary.An assessment also eliminates the apart(p) and identifies who, why, and when training is appropriate. Again, this is an investment in human capital and should be treated as any other company investment. Learning Process Now that we have covered the value of a needs assessment lets review the learning process. What is learning? The text defines learning as a change in human capabilities which are not a result of the growth process. (Noe, 2010, pg. 140) In chapter two Noe (2010) also refers to learning as the acquisition of knowledge. He defines knowledge into two groups, tacit or xplicit. Tacit knowledge is based on personal experiences which are passed through interaction with others in a society. Explicit knowledge is knowledge which is formalized, codified and communicated in a learning environment. (Noe, 2010, pg. 50 51) What is learned? The book refers to five types of learning outcomes which I have listed below. Verbal information cons ists of names, labels, facts, or bodies of knowledge which are retained. Intellectual skills are concepts and rules which are critical to problem solving, service, and product creation.Motor Skills include the coordination or physical conditioning required for a given task. Attitudes are the combination of beliefs and feelings. Attitude is crucial to the way a person will react in job related settings, their organizational commitment, and job satisfaction and proficiency. Cognitive strategies are related how a person manages their own learning and thinking process. These process elements include attention to information, strategies of learning, and problem solving. (Noe, 2010, pg. 141) Lets review how people, or trainees, learn. In chapter four Noe (2010) discusses the learning cycle.This dynamic cycle involves four stages of learning concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experiment. The first process of learning is exposure to a work pr oblem (concrete experience). The next step is analyzing the problem and it affects (reflective observation). Next, the person, or trainee, will devise a way in which to necessitate with the problem at hand (abstract conceptualization). Finally, a trainee will apply their solution directly to the problem (active experiment). The act of applying the solution allows for positive or negative feedback.The person, or trainee, then improves and applies this learned result over again. Each action should result in development, growth, and improvement in the four stages. Those results are usually shared and peradventure adopted by peers and management. (Noe, 2010, 151) David C. McClelland (2003) has proposed that motivation is closely associated to the learning concepts. He contends that when a need is strong, its effect is motivation. That motivation leads the person to use behavior that leads to its satisfaction. Based on research results McClelland developed a description set of factors which reflect the need for achievement.They consist of a motivation to take responsibility for solving problems, set harden goals, take calculated risks, and a desire for feedback on performance. Since the need is to learn through experience, positive feedback on achievements leads to high frequency of reoccurrence. McClellands Learned Needs hypothesis supports the desire to solve problems and defines the importance of positive feedback. (McClelland, 2003) This leads me into the theory portion of my written document. Here I will compare and contrast to theories which are defined in the text.

Advanced Research Writing Essay Example for Free

Advanced Research Writing EssayThe topic of online educational activity, specifically relating to teaching piece in a distant learning environment was covered by prof Kate Kiefer. Kiefer is a Professor and Writing Integration Coordinator at Colorado State University. She has a PH.D in rhetoric from Carnegie Mellon University and has written numerous published articles, including three textbooks. In the book venturous New Classrooms, Professor Kiefer writes a chapter titled, Do Students Lose More Than They Gain In Online Classrooms? Professor Kiefer tackles the difficult questions of just how much are bookmans getting out of online writing air divisiones. What is the goal of an online student? Kiefer clearly has an issue with distance education and voices her opinion of its inferiority to a classroom environment. Her numerous assertions of distance learning students non getting the complete education experience must be thrown for what it is, an instructors point of view an d non a students. Online education is becoming more rife every day, because not everyone has the time or funding to get to and from a college campus.This method should be embraced by instructors and not talked down on, simply because there is no other option for so many. Professor Kiefer wholeheartedly states in her article, that she believes taking an online writing class is inferior to a traditional structured classroom environment. She states that she is not in the majority on this issue, but she speaks of the many difficulties that locution a student and teacher online. One of Professor Kiefers most adamant points against online writing classes is the line up lack of interaction a student can bring on. She talks of how so many online classrooms have students who do not participate and do only what is need to pass the class. Kiefer suggests that on-line classes are often full of students who are looking to check a box and get that next check mark, which will take them to fi nish line and a degree. She also states how not having peer to peer interaction robs the online student of so much valuable education. In a writing class it is pivotal she states to have your fellowstudents peer review your work and not just have the teacher looking at your assignment.She covers the issue of how universities are trying to add more and more students online, because when it all boils down to it, money is what they are after. Professor Kiefer goes over a few ideas of how to make an online writing class better, such as requiring participation in discussions, but eventually she feels that online instruction in writing classes, leave the student short of what a teacher would standardised them to learn in a class. Professor Kiefer is very adamant on the loss of personal interaction in online writing classes and how it diminishes the importance of personal interaction, which to most extent is very true. In a recent article published by the Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, documenting over 125 traditional face to face classes, it found very strong support for the existence of a community of inquiry that is shared within each class section. (Fernandes, Oct 2013) eon It whitethorn be almost impossible to capture the same type of peer to peer interaction in a distance learning course compared to a traditional classroom, the study does not take into account that many online students have a network of support they are able to bounce ideas off of. While the journal study names student networking as a weakness to online classrooms, it does not really mention the fact that many physical classroom environments have students that do not want to participate. Professor Kiefer also addresses the high dropout calculate of online students. This makes me wonder if the dropout rate is due to non-flexibility within the school offering the classes of if it is students just not taking it seriously. A recent study published in Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks by the Dean of Online Education at Dallas Baptist University noted that their university offers cardinal online degree programs and Dallas Baptist University has maintained a 92% course completion rate (Shelton, Oct 2009).I would have liked to have seen professor Kiefer give the standard dropout rate of traditional classroom students at a university. It is very possible that online education is slake in such an evolving state, that there are many different factors track to a high dropout rate. Many schools have not properly trained their faculty in correctly dealing with online education, while some of it is definitely the chance(a) lives of online students that get it in the way. Professor Kiefer makes many valid points on her topics, however the reasonsshe gives regarding why students take online courses, are the exact reasons they must continue. People with jobs and forty hr work week cant take time out to drive to the university every day.Online classes have been g oing for a number of years now, but it is still in its infancy compared to classroom instruction. There are still so many ideas created each day that can make this learning environment better. Professor Kiefer makes a good argument regarding the negative impacts of online writing classes, but the reason we have online classes to start with are why they cant stop. The goals of online students are the same as other students, they want to better their lives and further educate themselves. That lifeline cannot be taken away, because there are doubts about its effectiveness. It is up to everyone to keep making strides and astir(p) the experience of online education.BibliographyFernandes, B. R. (Oct 2013). Measuring the Community in Online Classes. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 17(3), pp 115-136. Kiefer, K. (2007). Do Students Lose More than They Gain in Online Writing Classes? In Brave New Classrooms. (Vol. 37, pp. 141-151). New York, NY Peter Lang USA. Shelton, K. (Oct 200 9). Does Strong Faculty Support Equal Consistent Course Completion? It Has for Dallas Baptist University. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 13(3), pp 63-66.

The Brick Tower †a Speech by Justin Hudson Essay Example for Free

The Brick Tower a Speech by Justin Hudson EssayLadies and gentlemen, family, faculty and my fellow classmates of the class of 2010, before I begin I would ilk to thank those t for each oneers who chose this modest speech among the egressstanding collection of speeches written by my exaltedly competent peers. I would as well identical to thank all the mickle who have expressed their support for me and their anticipation for this speech. To be told You argon the best person in the grade to give this speech, or some transmutation of that statement, more than than once is truly humbling, and you all ar either the most polite people I know, or the kindest people I know. It is a long honor to give this address, and I promise I do not take it lightly. I have chosen every word quite c arefully because I am fully aware of the responsibility you all have bestowed upon me. Today, I stand before you as a personification of conflictedness. I dislodge myself on this podium experie ncing numerous warring perceptions, and I am certain many of you here empathize with me on that point. Firstly, and perhaps most obviously, I am filled with a great sense of happiness and accomplishment.My peers and I have put untold effort for the last six yearsa trinity of our lives thus farinto being able to stand here today and say that weve earned the right to stand here. It was by no means easy, and there were many eons when I thought I would not reach this finish line. But those struggles have only made this moment sweeter. The people who are on this stage survived four years of Latin, or 8th grade swim class, or English with Ms. DAmico, or BC Calculus, or the 25% rule, and I think all of us can take some pride in that. Yet, my ambivalence on this day stems from the very fact that this eucharist is the overthrow of an arduous journey.While I am ready to continue my academic endeavors, knowing that hunting watch has thoroughly prepared me for them, I am also filled wit h a deep sense of anxiety and sadness. huntsman has been my second home for the last six years, and it has bordered on becoming my first home. in the midst of my time diligently taking notes in the classroom, playing Chinese Poker in the hall direction, taking a nap in the G. O. office, frantically rehearsing for a pagan show or theater production in the auditorium, cheering for an undefeated basketball team in the gymnasium, or just sitting outside on the senior steps, istening to a boom box and enjoying nice weather in the courtyard, Hunter has truly become a sanctuary for me.My spiritedness has revolved approximately the fourstory brick building that stands on East 94th Street and Park Avenue, and Hunters intimate class size means that I have become as connected to the people of this school as I have to the building itself. It may sound disingenuous to say that I go forth miss each and every one of you, but all of you in some small way have shaped me into the person I am t oday, so I thank you all for that.Of course, the comfort that I have attained at Hunter makes this departure a rather anxious one, but with anxiety comes excitement, and the end of this journey signifies the start of a brand new one. As I leave behind the warmth that I have experienced at Hunter to enter a vastly new and quite frightening terrain, I can only help but think back to the last time I was in this situation, as a fresh-faced, wide-eyed twelve-year old entering the foreboding, windowless Brick Prison for the first time.Every aspect of my life since that point has been overwhelmingly positive, so all my fears about what lies ahead are slightly tamed by the idea that I will at least come close to experiencing in my future what I have already experienced at Hunter. However, ladies and gentlemen, more than happiness, relief, fear or sadness, I feel a very strong emotion that I cannot ignore today. More than anything else, today I feel guilty. I feel guilty because I dont deser ve any of this.And uncomplete do any of you. We received an outstanding education at no charge based solely on our performance on a try we took when we were eleven year olds, or four year olds. We received superior teachers and additional resources based on our status as gifted, while kids who naturally needed those resources practically more than us wallowed in the mire of a broken system. And now, we stand on the precipice of our lives, in control of our lives, based purely and simply on luck and circumstance.If you truly believe that the demographics of Hunter represent the distribution of intelligence in this city, then you must believe that the Upper West Side, Bayside and Flushing are intrinsically more intelligent than the South Bronx, Bedford-Stuyvesant and Washington Heights, and I refuse to accept that. It is certainly not Hunters fault that socioeconomic factors cut back the educational opportunities of some children from birth, and in some ways I forgive colleges an d universities that are forced to review eighteen year-olds, the end results of a broken system.But, we are talking about eleven year-olds. Four year-olds. We are deciding childrens fates before they even had a chance. We are playing God, and we are losing. Kids are losing the hazard to go to college or obtain a career, because no one taught them long division or colors. Hunter is perpetuating a system in which children, who contain unchecked and untapped intellect and creativity, are discarded like refuse. And we have the audacity to say they deserved it, because were smarter than them.As students, we throw around empty platitudes like deserve and earn, most likely because it makes us feel better about ourselves. However, it simply isnt the case. I know for a fact that I did not work as hard as I possibly could have, and I think the same is true for everyone on this stage. Nevertheless, people who work much harder than we ever could imagine will never have the opportunities that lie in front of us. I apologize if this is not the speech you wanted to hear, but you will have the rest of your lives to celebrate your accomplishments.I apologize if I have not inspired you, or gather uped you, but we have failed to inspire and uplift an entire generation of children. That being said, let me make it very clear that I am not giving anyone here a moral lecture, for I am as complicit in the system we are a part of as anyone else in this room. If anything, I only make these remarks to further emphasize how much Hunter has meant to me, because I am acutely aware of where I would be now without it.As recipients of fortune, we more than anyone else should be able to understand and respect what our high school experience has meant to us, and has done for us. My guilt ultimately stems from my awareness of the academic, social, emotional and psychological tools that Hunter has blessed us with. Therefore, I believe the best way to assuage this guilt is to use those fortuito us tools to not only better myself, but also improve the society that surrounds us outside these oh, so delimit walls.I do not know the capacity in which I will be able to make this world a better and more just place, but I strongly believe that education is the most effective means of creating social improvement, which is precisely why this is a battle we cannot concede. My experiences at Hunter have left me with one final emotion the last sentiment I will share with you today is hope. I hope that I will use the tools that Hunter has given me as a means to provide opportunities to others, not out of a sense of paternalistic philanthropy, but out of a sense of duty to give to other people what Hunter has given to me.I also hope that you all will do the same, in whatever way you see fit. Even more so, I hope that in the near future, education itself will not be a perquisite for the few in this world. I hope that a quality education will not be a privilege for the few in this country . I hope that the Hunter community will descend from its ivory tower made of brick, and distribute its tools evenly to the mass of humanity that is the City of New York. I hope that, despite its problems, Hunter can prove to be the rule, and not the exception, to what can exist as a school.Finally, I hope from the bottom of my burden that omeday a class speaker can stand on this podium and look into an audience of his closest and dearest friends whom he never would have met without Hunter and whom hell never forget, an audience of faculty members he has a deep respect and admiration for, an audience of family members who have supported him throughout his entire life without asking for anything in return. I hope this child can stand on this very stage, look at the most important people in his life, and feel happy, sad, relieved, scared, accomplished or whatever his heart desires, without feeling guilty about a damn thing. Thank you for your time.

Technology to Reduce Employee Stress

Technology to Reduce Employee siftSTRESS BREAKERmethodological analysis AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS DESIGN DOCUMENTINTRODUCTIONComputers argon extremely proficient devices in that they help us with accomplishing more work in less(prenominal) time yet taking a shot at a Computers prat be intense on the clients body and capitulum. This type of work scum bag be stressful and chiffonier cause health issues related to brain. Stress is characterized as the bodily and intellectual reaction to intense conditions. Stress is one of the blatant issues that organizations have to deal so that employees groundwork easily produce quality work 2.Many researchers are of the view that stress has a negative wallop on employees performance but at the same time researches have proved that some stressful work conditions are critical to keep employees amentaceous 2. Stress cannot be eliminated completely as it serves as a driving force if kept at a certain level, so stress involve to be managed 1. The b riny focus of this article is to review the literature about the effects of stress and its consequence and how work stress can be managed by taking frequent short breaks in what way harmony helps to overcome work stress. The relevance review is presented here below.OBJECTIVEFortunately, stress can be managed by taking frequent short breaks but exploiters often forget to take breaks. As a potential solution, an coat will be developed, that lightly notifies drug substance abusers to take a break and plays users favorite music based on their consent. This application will be incredibly useful for a lot of flock who often forget to take breaks and could increase their productivity.METHODOLOGYIn simple terms, methodology is nothing but a outline of methods used to develop industriousness. The main goal of these methodologies is to make the process more predictable and efficient 11.Software Development Process Model (SDLC)It is a process of creating or altering breeding systems, mythologies and lessons 6. The Software Development Process Model used to develop this Application is LINEAR-SEQUENTIAL LIFE CYCLE MODEL. It is withal referred to as a Waterfall Model. In young times, the prominent methodological approaches for developing software for a computer based in doion system are the popular traditional linear- successive life roulette wheel model 4.As the name itself specifies that the Application knowledge process will be in linear sequential flow. Waterfall model uses a linear approach and is suited for sequential or procedural design.Fowler 2 confirms that waterfall model divides application based on activities requirement analysis, design, coding and testing. In The Waterfall approach, complete process of Application development is divided into separate phases. Each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin and there is no overlapping in the phases. The phases involved in waterfalls model are five and they are analysis, design, murd er, testing and operation and maintenance 4.Fig. The phases of a Waterfall Model (Adapted from Pfleeger and Atlee 4The sequential phases involved in stress Breaker application development areAnalysisAnalysis describes that what are the requirements needed to develop software system. In frequent terms it refers to requirement analysis or conference 1. This is the first phase in which requirements are gathered from building stress breaker Application. The requirements include working(a) RequirementsNon- Functional RequirementsA functional requirement describes the functionality of the System that is what the Application does with the computation.Use cases are a means to typically capture functional requirements in UML. persona CASE DIAGRAMRepresents Dynamic behavior of the ApplicationUse case diagram consists ofActorsUse CasesRelationshipsUSE CASE DIAGRAM FOR STRESS BREAKER APPLICATONstairs of execution 1.The user runs the application.2. After Time event a message box will be displa yedThe message box contains textual matter and freeings3. The user can click any departure based on his choiceListen music buttonCancel button4a.The user click Listen music button.User gets choice to direct the music folder from his desktopDisplays playlist message boxUser has the choice to select previous vociferation , succeeding(prenominal) song and Stop song4b. User click cancel button. center box is closedDescriptionThe user runs the application on his desktop after a specified amount of time period the application executes and display a pop-up Message box. The Message box contains a message andtwo buttons. First button has text Listen music when the user selects it, he has a choice to select asong from music folder from his system. After selecting the music folder a playlist will be displayed providing the user with three more option buttons. The first button is to play previous song. Thenext button is for Next Song. Third Button is for stop song. If the user is too bus y with his workor any other important project he has a choice to cancel the message box window by using the cancel button.Functionalities in stress breaker are1. The Application executes and displays a pop-up Message box.2. The Message box contains a message and two buttons. First button has text Listen music The second button is for cancelling.3a. If the user presses the list music button user had a choice to select any music folder in his system.3b. After selecting Music folder user has a choice to select songs of his choice.4. If the user clicks cancel button the message box will be closed.SYSTEM DESIGNSystem Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in definingOverall system architecture.NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTSUnlike functional requirements Non-functional requirements place constraints on how the system will do .They refer to application non-functional properties, system qualities such(prenominal)(prenominal) as security,accuracy,performance ,cost,usability,adaptability,interoperability,reliability and so on..Typical non-functional requirements includeSystem information used to develop this applicationOS Name-Microsoft Windows 10 ProVersion-10.0.14393 Build 14393Processor-Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-5300U CPU 2.30GHz, 2301 Mhz, 2 Core(s), 4 Logical Processor(s)Installed memory (RAM)-8.00 GB (7.88 GB usable)System type -64-bit Operating System,x64-based processorState chat DiagramIt describes different states of a components in an Application.State chart diagram describes the flow of control from one state to another state in an application.Implementation This phase is concerned with the physical aspect of the software as decline out in the design stage.Software requirements needed to develop this application are scheduling languagePython was chosen for the development of this Application Python 3.5 is used in implementing the code for this application. Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level computer programing language 10 9 6. It is fast and powerful programming language and it is portable. Python scripts can be used on different operating systems such as Windows, Linux, UNIX, Amigo, Mac OS, etc. Python is unmortgaged source .Even though all rights of this program are reserved for the Python institute, but it is open source and there is no limitation in using, changing and distributing 3.CONSTRAIN REQUIREMENTSGRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (graphical user interface) This application is designed using python graphical User Interface (GUI) named Tkinter. Graphical User Interface (GUI) Tkinter is a standard interface that is distributed with Python interpreter. It provides the essential tools for designing GUI. Generated GUIs are in pmw format and they have a similar look on the different platforms. Tkinter are the basic interfaces for designing GUIs in Python 3.PYGAME MODULEIn python programs, code normally contains functions and variables. So when the user quit from our interpreter, all defini tions are lost. As user codes get longer, it gets really inconvenient to redefine all the values for variables. To solve this problem, the user has a solution To support this, Python has a way to put definitions in a file and use them in a Script or in an interactive instance of the interpreter. Such a file is called a module. Module A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements 5.Pygame is a set of Python modules designed for writing games and multimedia. It is exceedingly portable and can run nearly every platform and operating system 5. In this Application pygame feature are used for playing songs. It contains an slender function for controlling streamed audio. The music module is closely tied to pygame mixer. Here downloaded mp3 songs are converted into the OGG because mp3 support is limited. On some systems an unsupported format can crash the program 7.INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (IDE)IDE used to develop this Application is Pycharm. It is one of the integrated development environment (IDE) used in python programming language. Programming code used to develop this application is interpreted in pycharm.Installation processStep1Download python 3.5 from python official website www.python.org based on users operating systemStep 2Install it on users systemStep 3Download pygame from python binaries Location 12.Step 4Go to python IDLE folder and and so scripts and paste the pygame files in that locationStep 5Go to command prompt type PIP install pygame Step 6 pygame is successfully installed n users computerStep 7 Go to pycharm official website 8 and download pycharm and install it.INTEGRATION AND TESTINGAfter the implementation phase the coding is tested by using pycharm debugger and interpreter.MAINTENANCEAfter the delivery of the Application, a schedule maintenance and support is put into place, to ensure the Application continues to work as designed.ACCURACY AND preciseness Since this is a desktop application there is less percen tage of failure.Cost This application is inexpensive to develop because the main requirements, develop this application that is python, pygame are open sourced. They can be downloaded for free from their official website.Usability This application is easy to use. Look and feel standards Pycharm provides many keyboard shortcuts to run the ApplicationF5 To run the python Application in python (IDLE) aggrandizement+Shift+F10-To run the python Application in pycharmAlt+Shift+F9-To debug python Application in pycharm.Modifiability One good thing about python Tkinter is it has many GUI properties available that make the application even more attractive and efficient. Extra GUI properties that can be added to this application is color texts, scroll bar, bold text and many other features.Response timeThe response time depends on the user choice. Since, this an alert application which breaks the employee stress. The response time depends on the time set by the user. For example, if the user wish to have breaks for every 50 minutes. Then the response time of the application would be 50 minutes. That is after every 50mintues a pop up box will be displayed specifying the user to take breaks and listen the music of his choice.Activity DiagramActivity diagram is basically a flow chart to represent the flow from one activity toanother activity.Processing timeThe processing time for this application is quick. When the user click the listen music button with in no time delay it automatically opens the folder window so that user can select music folder. When the user selects music folder, it imports all the songs from the music folder and display on the playlist. Overall performance time to run this application less than half minute, which is a very short time.AdvantageThe main benefit of using a waterfall model in developing stress Breaker Applications is it is inexpensive and quick.TOOLS INSTALATIONSTEPS TO place PYTHON3.5In order to use Python, user must install python on his/her computer.Go to the python website www.python.orgClick on the Download menu choiceClick on the Python 3.5Once user downloaded the file , open it.(Double click it)Installation startsClick finish to exit the installer.STEPS TO INSTALL PYGAMEUser should make sure that his highroad variable includes both python directory and the scripts directory.Go to http//www.lfd.uci.edu/gohlke/pythonlibs/pygameClick and download pygame package (64bit/32bit)Go to python IDLE folder and then scripts and paste the pygame files in that location.Now user is erect to install pygame. At the command prompt, user should make sure whether he is in the same directory of python and the type pipinstallpygameSuccessfully installed pygame.STEPS TO INSTALL PYCHARMGo to www.jetbrains.com pick out IDE Option and select python ide for professional developers.Click on downloadSelect the operating system.There is community and Professional edition.Based on user orientation course he/she can download it.It star ts installingThe user needs to accept the license.Successfully installed pycharm.CONCLUSIONThe purpose of this review was to study affirms that workload is one of the reasons for Stress that can be decreased by taking short breaks and Listing to employee choice of music. Stress cannot be completely eliminated, but can be decreased. A simple solution to this is developing an application that help users to overcome from stress by notifying them to take breaks at level(p) intervals and indulge them in a brain refreshing activity like listening to music.REFERENCES1 Bennett, S., McRobb, S. Farmer, R. (2002). Object- Oriented Systems Analysis and Design Using UML Berkshire McGraw-Hill Education.2 Fowler, M. (2004), UML Distilled a Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modelling wrangle, capital of Massachusetts Pearson Education, Inc.3Masoud Nosrati, Sahneh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sahneh,Python An appropriate language for real world programming , World Applied Programming, Vol (1 ), No (2), June 2011. 110-117 ISSN 2222-2510 2011 WAP journal. www.waprogramming.com 1104 Pfleeeger, S.L. Atlee, J.M. (2006). Software Engineering Theory and Practice, 3rd Edition. US Prentice Hall.5Nizamuddin, Shreshth Kumar, Rishab Kumar, RESEARCH PAPER ON ENDLESS FUN, Dept. Inform Technology, SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, May. 2016.6 Rob, M.A. (2004). Issues of Structured Vs. Objectoriented Methodology of Systems Analysis and Design. Issues in Information Systems, 5 (1).7https//www.pygame.org/docs/ref/music.html8https//www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/9Programming Language Trends OReilly Radar. Radar.oreilly.com. 2 August 2006.10 TIOBE Software Index (2011). TIOBE Programming Community Index Python.11Ronald G. Wolak, System Development Research Paper 1 SDLC on a Diet, to Nova southeasterly University, April 2001.12http//www.lfd.uci.edu/gohlke/python..CONTENTThis paper mainly focuses on Methodology needed to develop an Application which helps the user to come out of stress by pr oviding breaks in regular intervals and listen to user favorite choice of music. The software development process model used to develop this application is linear sequential life cycle model. The phases involved in waterfalls model are five and they are analysis, design, implementation, testing and operation and maintenance 4.In analysis phase all the requirements are gathering in order to develop this application. The functional requirements in stress breaker application areThe Application executes and displays a pop-up Message box.The Message box contains a message and two buttons. First button has text Listen music the second button is for cancelling.If the user press the listen music button user had a choice to select any music folder in his system. After selecting Music folder user has a choice to select songs of his choice.If the user clicks cancel button the message box will be closed.In design phase all the hardware components, system requirements are listed above such a Ram capacity, operating system and processor. The operating system is Windows 10, Ram capacity is 8.00 GB and processor is Intel (R) Core (TM) i5-5300U. In third phase that is implementation phase all the software requirements that are needed to develop coding are listed such as a programming language, integrated development environment, software. Programming language is python 3.5, IDE is Pycharm, python module is a pygame. The development code is tested in pycharm IDLE. This Application is easy to maintain and inexpensive, because all the software components needed to develop this application are open sourced and can be easily downloaded and installed. So stress breaker application is easy to maintain and easy to use.

Services Such As Postpaid Plans Marketing Essay

Services Such As Postpaid Plans marketplaceing EssayDiGi is the Telecommunication SdnBhd that provider officious service in Malaysia. DiGi is offer go much(prenominal) as postpaid plans prepaid plans, international calling, international roaming, data plans and serve, SMS, MMS, GPRS, EDGE andWAPservices. The clinicals in this DiGi advertisement is advertise that DiGiis upgrading LTE interlocking sites and improve the net profit insurance coverage in Malaysia.DiGi requisites attract more guest switch to be DiGi by utilise upgrading LTE networking and services.DiGi is provides the game speed internet covering at least 95.8% of all Malaysia. meshwork rout out enrich lives, empower communities, and transform the business. Therefore, increase coverage of high speed internet (3G EDGE) to cover of all Malaysian.Stronger, more stable networkDiGi emanation the stronger and more stable networking with improves capacity and the opportunity to provide DiGi user with the best wir eless Internet experience. Therefore, DiGiusers tooshie reduce the probability unstable line where the data link speed nonify vary a lot, or get frequent disconnections.LTE fit outDiGi is going to provides 1st LTE-equipped and ready to render fibre-like speeds to support the extraverted LTE mobile devices. Therefore, DiGi is in any case provides the technology in advance to coming smartphone such as iPhone 5. It is able to exploitation LTE to connect the network. appealingness and Unique Selling hintAppealDiGi is advertising the power of useful by use internet by climb the new technology LTE equipped network. DiGi using the yellow chroma banter exhibit the DiGi user in the advertisement, such as capture the lost cat photo and share to internet to the world ask for help to reckon out the lost cat. in any event that, DiGi user can entre the internet to connect social media for calculate the old friends or make new friends. From the advertisement, DiGi is present the high speed internet to access code internet, such as the couple find new place for dinnerand they can search with high speed by using google map to allocate the location. Internet also helps the DiGi user gathering more cultivation and bigger mentation. Moreover, DiGi is also provides the high speed internet for 95.8% coverage in Malaysia, so the DiGi user can access the internet at any corner or any place. Additionally, DiGi Telco is provides first LTE equipped network in Malaysia.DiGi also advert that DiGi is always smarter choice to the client.Differentiate (Benefit, Uniqueness and Potency)BenefitInnovationDiGi is upgrade the LTE-equipped network and ready to deliver fibre-like speeds to support the forthcoming LTE mobile devices. Therefore, person who is holding LTE mobile devices can be enjoy the fibre-like speeds to connect the internet by DiGi Network.Expanding soaring Speed Internet reportage (3G / EDGE)DiGi is upgrading the high speed internet coverage at least 95.8% o f all Malaysia. The user can get word the stronger signal that provides by DiGi. So, DiGi user can access the internet at anywhere in Malaysia, such as inside building area or garden.More Stable NetworkDiGi user can receive more stable connection to higher speed internet for search schooling. For example, DiGi user need find a place for having dinner, and they are no idea where to going. So, DiGi user can search information and immediately receive the suggestion by internet that which restaurant is provides ripe(p) taste of food.Uniqueness1st Malaysia LTE- Equipped NetworkDiGi is 1st telecommunication company that upgrade the LTE-equipped network and equipped to deliver fibre-like speeds to support the forthcoming LTE mobile devices.High Speed Internet CoverageIn the TV advertisement, DiGi is advert the Telco is expand to 95.8% of coverage in Malaysia. That means DiGi is covering all area to DiGi for access the Internet.PotencyInnovationDiGi is revolution that becomes the first Telco set up LTE equipped network in Malaysia. And it is get ready for the upcoming technology LTE mobile devices.ReinforceDiGi is using tomorrow NETWORK to promote their telco services is improvement high speed internet and expand the coverage DiGi network in Malaysia to attract more guest. besides that, in the advertisement DiGi is using google map and social media to showing how helpful of internetandpromote with their internet network is 95.8% coverage in Malaysia. More than that, DiGi advert by using kids is because DiGi telephone that kids is establish new generation same as the new technology LTE equipped network. Last but not least, the advertisement provides more DiGi upgrade information in the www.digi.com.my.InformDiGi is advertises on the television at ntv7. It is because ntv7 is target consultation in urban people and this advertisement is in English version. overly that, the broadcast time of DiGi advertisement is showing at 2pm to4pm and 7pm to 10pm. This is bec ause the 2pm-4pm younger customers are free after their school or tea break to watch TV. And the urban people are only free to sit and watch the TV at 7pm-9pm pacific time.PersuadeThe major customer need or want is getting a large coverage of telecommunication services and high connection speed in their busy life. Therefore, DiGi is trying to come over the customer felicity by using improve their services such as increase the internet speed and expand the coverage.Segmentation and Target AudienceDemographicDiGi is using demographic breakdown to segment the market. It is divide the market as life stage segmentation variables. DiGi is segment life stage variable base on child, youth, collegiate, adult and senior. After segment the market, DiGi is make that the collegiate segment is the bigger customs duty of the internet. From the advertisement, we also found that DiGi is using the collegiate to advert in the advertisement.socioeconomicDiGi is using socioeconomic segmentation to segment the market. It is divide the market as education segmentation variables. DiGi is segment education variables base on no educated, nigh high school, and professional graduate. It is because the advertisement is using English language to advertise. Therefore, the customer has some high school experience to understand the English and knowing to access internet.Target audiencePrimary Target MarketThe primary target market of DiGi is targeted collegiate. It is because the collegiate is the bigger usance of the internet and also received good education level in Malaysia. Besides that, collegiate is like to online search to do their assignment and using social media to communicate with their friend. And also from the advertisement, we also found that DiGi is using the collegiate to advert in the advertisement.Secondary Target MarketThe secondary target market of DiGi is targeted office worker. It is because the office worker has enough knowledge to access the internet and also a ble sink in with the customer by using phone online sending e-mail or search the customer location.From the advertisement, access the internet to find the location for dinner with the customer.InferencesUsing energetic music to presentDiGi advertisement is using energetic background music to present the advertisement. It makes the audience feel that using DiGi telecommunication will be getting more energetic and young.Clear voice tone of speakingFrom the advertisement, we can hear the exculpate voice tone speaking in English and easy to understand and clear deliver the message to the audience.Target young peopleFrom the advertisement, we can chat that DiGi is using the young people take part in the advertisement. It is because DiGiis targeting young people for future growth and for the introduction of new productions such as LTE to the customer.High Speed Internet 95.8% for MalaysianIn the TV advertisement, DiGi is advert that expands to 95.8% of coverage in Malaysia. Therefore, DiGi is allowed to access the internet all area in Malaysia to search information and social media.Provide website for information upgradeDiGi is using website to deliver more information some tomorrow networkto customer. Before end of the advertisement, DiGiis provides the website address www.digi.com.my for customer logon to search more updating information of DiGi tomorrow network.High technologyDiGi is going to provides 1st LTE-equipped and ready to deliver fibre-like speeds to support the forthcoming LTE mobile devices. Therefore, DiGi is prepared in advance for coming new high technology LTE mobile devices.Always the smarter choiceFrom end of the advertisement DiGi shown that they are always the smarter choice. DiGi wants the customer feel that by using the DiGi, will become make them also become a smarter consumer and making a smarter choice.Power of internetFrom the advertisement, DiGi is advert the power of internet can help the user to find the lost cat, friend, dinner l ocation, and getting more idea at around the whole world.Using yellow colour represent DiGiFrom the advertisement, we can found the both there are a lot of yellow colour. It is because yellow is representing the DiGi telecommunication. Therefore, when customer sees the yellow colour and will make them think of the DiGi.Printing AdvertisementIntroductionThe Magic Health is a shower bath administration product by Panasonic that provides perfectly-timed hot and cold water to invigorate the customer. The objective Panasonic advertise on newspaper is notify to their loyalty customer Panasonic is launch new product call Magic Health shower and inform them about the benefit and features of the product.Product FeaturesE-CycleThe Panasonic prank health shower scheme e-cycle is alternates between hot and cold water to enhance blood circulation. It can let customer without doing exercise to enhance blood circulation and provides cosy feeling to customer who is taking a bath by using del usion health show system.E-HybridThe Panasonic magic trick health shower system e-hybrid is combines water and air bubbles infused with negative ions to create effect of a refreshing massage. It mother the massaging effect to relaxes customer and reduce deteriorate level from customer.Energy- saving performanceThe Panasonic magic health shower system provides 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. This features can helps the customer to save more money from the wide term usage by adding energy saving performance to the product.Appeal and Unique Selling PropositionAppealPanasonic magic health is advertising that is home use shower product with hot and cold hydrotherapy. In advertisement, Panasonic is differentiating the shower product and provides the product externalize such as DH-3KD1, DH-3KE1, DH-3KP2, DH-3KP1, and DH-3KT1 to match the different segment customer needs. Besides that, Panasonic is using a beauty girl shower to present happy and comfortable feeling by using magic health shower product. In advertisement also show the benefit of the product and the product features to the customer. Moreover, it also provides the contact number, working period, website, and address to the customer who is interest to purchase the product. Last but not least, Panasonic also using the slogan idea provide product and services base on ideas that enrich lifestyles, assist the innovation of society, enhance lives, and broaden horizons.Differentiate (Benefit, Uniqueness and Potency)BenefitEnergy- saving performancePanasonic magic health shower system provides 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. This benefit can helps the customer to save more money with long term usage.High TechnologyPanasonic is leaseing out new revolution shower system by using e-cycle and e-hybrid to bring new technology to meet the customer need. Customer can be adjusts temperature and enjoy the massage to feel energised and relaxed.Innovation Safety featuresPanaso nic magic health shower system provides innovation safety device that nine safety points for optimal protection. It can make customer feel safety by using this product.UniquenessNine Safety ProtectionFrom the advertisement, we can found that Panasonic is innovation and enhance the safety protection system on the product. It can make customer feel safe and confident to purchase the magic health shower system.Energy SavingFrom the advertisement, we can found that Panasonic is 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. This features can helps the customer to save more money from the long term usage and also green the environment.ReinforceIn the newspaper advertisement, Panasonic using their slogan ideas for life to represent the product and services base on ideas that enrich lifestyles, assist the innovation of society, making live more easily, and more comfortable. Besides that, Panasonic is reinforcing the consumers by using a model AyumiHamasaki to promote their product w hich at mid of advertisement to show the comfortable and happiness to the customer. Moreover, in the newspaper Panasonic advert the benefit and safety to customer. And also provides the product image to customer knowing the design and colour. Furthermore, it also provides the contact number, working period, website, and address to the customer who intends to purchase the product.InformPanasonic is advertises on sinchew newspaper. It is because sinchew is target Chinese audience and the middle income category. In advertisement, it is using Chinese as delivery language. Panasonic posted this advertisement on sinchew newspaper rather than other newspaper because it wants to deliver the product information to middle income category.PersuadeThe major customers tend to enjoy their lifestyle after come back of work and saving their money. Therefore, Panasonic create the product that can control the temperature shower and massage function to the customer. Moreover, Panasonic also attract th e price sensitive customer due to 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage.Segmentation and Target AudienceSocioeconomicPanasonic is using socioeconomic segmentation to segment the market. It is divide the market as income segmentation variables. Panasonic is segment income variables base on low income, middle income, and high income. And Panasonic is targeted middle income to high income. It is because middle income to high come customer is afforded to use the product every day.DemographicPanasonic is using demographic segmentation to segment the market. It is divide the market as residence tenure segmentation variable. Panasonic is segment own new bear or rent house. And Panasonic is targeted own new house segmentation variable. It is because the customer who are own new house need to purchase functional furniture. So, Panasonic is chosen them as target segmentation.Target audiencePrimary Target MarketThe primary target market of Panasonic magic health is targeted new own house. It is because Panasonic magic health is home use product and customer who are own new house need to purchase functional furniture. Therefore, Panasonic provides 2 different of colour and model product to give the new own house to select which model of product is suit new house design.Secondary Target MarketThe secondary target market of Panasonic magic health is targeted office worker. It is because the office worker is long period of sitting or busy with their work and not much free time to do exercise. Therefore, Panasonic is launch system e-cycle that alternates between hot and cold water to enhance blood circulation to make life healthier. Besides that, the office worker has to wake up early for their work and they need is a adjust shower system for the morning bath.InferencesClear contact informationAt the bottom of the newspaper advertisement, Panasonic is provides the customer care centre number, working hours, address, and the company website. For the customer wh o intend purchase Panasonic magic health shower system back home.Layout of newspaper advertisementFrom the printing newspaper advertisement Panasonic is advert three quarter in a page. It is because, Panasonic want ensure the customer have seen the advertisement in newspaper.Headline of Panasonic Magic HealthThe inference of headline is that Immerse in wonders of Panasonic Magic Health. This headline in newspaper is message the customer enjoy the benefit provides by magic health shower system in their life.Panasonic Idea For LifeThe slogan Panasonic is ideas for life to represent the product and services base on ideas to enrich lifestyles, assist the innovation of society, making live more easily, and more comfortable.Energy- saving performanceThe Panasonic magic health shower system provides 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. This features can helps the customer to save more money from the long term usage by adding energy saving performance to the product.Safety p roductFrom the advertisement, we can found that there Panasonic is innovation and enhance the safety protection system on the product. It can make customer feel safe and confident to purchase the magic health shower system.InnovationPanasonic magic health is combination e-cycle and e-hybrid to bring new technology to meet the customer need. Customer can be adjusts temperature and enjoy the massage to feel energised and relaxed.Visual elementPanasonic used image as visual element to send the message to target audience. From the advertisement, we can found the different type of model of shower system to show the customer. Besides that, Panasonic is using black and white word explains the product features and benefit to give customer who are intend to purchase and know more detail of product.

Sindromi neurologiche paraneoplastiche

Sindromi neurologiche paraneoplasticheAnticorpi anti-antigeni on purloineurali fuck strumento diagnostico di tumori maligni e sindromi neurologiche paraneoplastiche.Caratteristiche delle singole neurologiche paraneoplastiche.Le sindromi neurologiche paraneoplastiche sono stati patologici associati a tumori, riconoscono quindi un tumore maligno come il principale fattore eziologico, ma non sono patologicamente associati alla diretta azione del tumore. Nella grande maggioranza dei casi riconoscono una patogenesi autoimmunitaria e originano nel seeting di un tumore a differenziazione neuroendocrina. il modello comune della patogenesi di queste forme assunte unaberrante espressione di proteine specifiche per il sistema nervoso nel tumore a differenziazione neuroendocrina. A questo consegue una risposta a autoimmunitaria antitumore cross reattiva con antigeni neuronali del sistema nervoso centrale e periferico. I tumori dei pazienti affetti da sindrome neurologica paraneoplastica tendono ad avere unevoluzione meno aggressiva rispetto agli analoghi tipi istologici di lavorazione generale di tumori e nel momento della diagnosi sono di regola limitati alle sedi primarie o ai linfonodi linfo regionali. La diagnosi neurologica precede la diagnosi oncologica nel 70% dei casi e in un certo numero di casi, circa il 15% il tumore primario non pu essere diagnosticato. Non sar solo dopo un certo tempo, da settimane ad anni. In una piccola percentuale di casi dalluno al 5%, il tumore non pu essere dimostrato per tutta la vita del paziente. peraltro nonostante la minore aggressivit di tumori associati alle sindromi neurologiche paraneoplastiche la sopravvivenza di questi pazienti non soddisfacente a causa del danno autoimmune irreversibile di vari organi sistema nervoso centrale e periferico che portano ad una malattia disabilitante, poco trattabile e mortale.lunica strategia terapeutica effettiva e la rimozione del tumore e quindi anche del trigger autoimmunitario.Si pu quind i considerare come questo sottogruppo di pazienti il problema della diagnosi precoce del tumore associato particolarmente urgente. Ma particolarmente complesso sciogliere questo problema per la difficolt che spesso limpossibilit di diagnosticare i tumori associati alle sindromi neurologiche paraneoplastiche in uno stadio precoce dato che la natura paraneoplastica non in realt patognomonica per i singoli noti processi neurodegenerativi cerebrali scatenati.Anticorpi onconeurali nella diagnosi delle sindromi neurologiche paraneoplastiche e di tumori loro associatiGli anticorpi onconeurali sono rilevati nella maggioranza dei pazienti che presentano la sindrome neurologica paraneoplastica e correlati allo sviluppo di un tumore maligno che il paziente. Questa la principale distinzione fra le anticorpi onconeurali e gli anticorpi anti-neuronali di malattia autoimmune quale la miastenia gravis e la sindrome di Lambert-Eaton, o la neuro miotonia. queste ultime malattie hanno una trilogia sia paraneoplastica che neoplastica e gli anticorpi associati sono elevati in una comparabile frequenza tra questi due casi. In altro modo di dire sono il diretto testimone ed effettore che la risposta immunologica antitumore e la risposta anti neuronale mentre quelli che chiamiamo auto anticorpi onconeurali sono il testimone primitivo della presenza di un tumore e di una risposta antitumorale, ma sono solo secondariamente responsabili dellattacco autoimmune al sistema nervoso.una sindrome neurologica paraneoplastica non in genere sufficientemente specifica delocalizzazione del tumore mentre questa specificit maggiore, se il tumore primitivo non pu essere facilmente rintracciato, per gli specifici antigeni onconeurali induttori degli anticorpi. Questo permette di restringere larea di ricerca del tumore associato a una sindrome paraneoplastica. La descrizione degli anticorpi e antigeni ben caratterizzate riportate in tabella mentre la caratterizzazione clinica-laboratoristica delle sindromi cosiddette parzialmente caratterizzate molto minore. In questo caso di anticorpi sono caratterizzati solo dalla colorazione di strutture neurologiche in immunoistochimica, mentre una possibile confermare la creativit con specifici test in Western-blotAnticorpi anti antigeni onconeurali come markers oncologici.Se la maggioranza gli articoli si sono focalizzati sulla reattivit anticorpale ad antigeni onconeurali nel sangue dei pazienti affetti da sindromi neurologiche paraneoplastiche, ci sono ora chiare evidenze gli stessi anticorpi sono predittore in primo luogo lesistenza e istiogenesi di un tumore, in secondo luogo della sua possibile localizzazione ed infine della presenza-tipo di sindrome neurologica paraneoplastica. Ad esempio pu essere ricordato come si vede in tabella con il 20% dei pazienti con un tipo definito di tumore principalmente carcinoma a piccole cellule del polmone, sono sieropositivi per fare antigeni onconeurali. Alla stessa tabella si nota come tutti gli anticorpi onconeurali ben caratterizzati abbiano unelevata specificit per la patologia onconeurali mentre il tipo numero di combinazione delle sindromi neurologiche paraneoplastiche associate non pu essere predetto dal pattern di sieroreattivit degli antigeni onconeurali, ad esclusione degli antigeni espresse solamente nel cervelletto, reattivit chiaramente associata solo con SCA.inoltre la presenza di pazienti sieropositivi in cui il tuo non pu essere rilevato anche dopo lunga osservazione riflette probabilmente non una sufficiente specificit del test (false positivit) e ma una alta sensibilit nella detenzione di foci microscopici di un tumore immunogenico. la loro presenza non pu essere considerata come un mero epifenomeno, cio, ad esempio riflettere sono un alto grado di necrosi apoptosi che con ulteriore iper esposizione di antigeni comuni a Sistema immunitario, ma si tratta di marker altamente specifici associati ad uneffettiva risposta antitumorale e la loro presenza, anch e nei casi di assenza della specifica sindrome neurologica paraneoplastica correttamente correlata uno stato limitato nel tumore al momento del tempo di diagnosi.Certo la sensibilit del 20% non permette a questi test di essere considerati un marker diagnostico ogni nuovo e sufficientemente potenti. Nondimeno possono essere considerati un efficace punto di partenza per il disegno di un pannello diagnostico che possa comprendere altri markers e ulteriori test.unaltra sfera di applicazione in questi marker e la predizione della risposta clinica alla chemio terapia o radioterapie. I dati ottenuti finora, a questo riguardo, sono ancora non conclusi

Housing Authority Meeting :: Journalism Essays

admit ascendance MeetingFine charged for questionable false alarms The city of Muncie is fining the Housing function of Delaware County for alleged false alarms. The announcement came at the Housing Authoritys monthly wag opposition that they have been fined $100 for three false alarms in March and April. But the constabulary may not have responded to these alarms. Executive Director Jennifer Edwards says the Muncie Police subdivision is making a claim of false alarms when the police are notified by the Housing Authoritys alarm company, ADT of a disturbance great comme il faut to set off the alarms. These could be, she says, anything from a storm merry the windows to people with mischievous intents. But an alarm is an alarm, and they deserve the same response, Edwards said. ADT calls the police and Edwards when an alarm is activated. Edwards claims that when she arrived, police had not responded to any of the alarms the department mentioned in the list of da tes the Housing Authority is being fined for.An ordinance against false alarms says that three false alarms constitute a fine of $100, and to a greater extent for each alarm afterwards. Amendments were made to this ordinance in the first place this year to lessen fines for large buildings, such as those on Ball States campus, only when are costly to the smaller, federal funded Housing Authority. I vote we fight this, said Commissioner Evan Terry. I remember back in 1982 to 1986 when false fire alarms were happening frequently at Ball State. Thats what this ordinance is supposed to protect. mistaken fire alarms, Terry said. Commissioner Fred Fields said that if the police are going to charge the Housing Authority for protective services, they should at least show up. The board agreed to consult their attorney, Casey Cloyd on the matter, and take legal action if needed. Board members noted that this is a display case of the city of Muncie fining a federal office in Dela ware county jurisdiction, so they may not possess the ability to fine the organization.Housing Authority Meeting Journalism EssaysHousing Authority MeetingFine charged for questionable false alarms The city of Muncie is fining the Housing Authority of Delaware County for alleged false alarms. The announcement came at the Housing Authoritys monthly board meeting that they have been fined $100 for three false alarms in March and April. But the police may not have responded to these alarms. Executive Director Jennifer Edwards says the Muncie Police Department is making a claim of false alarms when the police are notified by the Housing Authoritys alarm company, ADT of a disturbance great enough to set off the alarms. These could be, she says, anything from a storm rattling the windows to people with mischievous intents. But an alarm is an alarm, and they deserve the same response, Edwards said. ADT calls the police and Edwards when an alarm is activated. Edwards clai ms that when she arrived, police had not responded to any of the alarms the department mentioned in the list of dates the Housing Authority is being fined for.An ordinance against false alarms says that three false alarms constitute a fine of $100, and more for each alarm afterwards. Amendments were made to this ordinance earlier this year to lessen fines for large buildings, such as those on Ball States campus, but are costly to the smaller, federal funded Housing Authority. I vote we fight this, said Commissioner Evan Terry. I remember back in 1982 to 1986 when false fire alarms were happening frequently at Ball State. Thats what this ordinance is supposed to protect. False fire alarms, Terry said. Commissioner Fred Fields said that if the police are going to charge the Housing Authority for protective services, they should at least show up. The board agreed to consult their attorney, Casey Cloyd on the matter, and take legal action if needed. Board members noted that t his is a case of the city of Muncie fining a federal office in Delaware county jurisdiction, so they may not possess the ability to fine the organization.