Microelectronic Pill Essay

1. ABSTRACTA Microelectronic pill is a basic each(prenominal)y a multichannel sensor used for remote biomedical measurements using micro technology. This has been developed for the internal study and detection of diseases and brachydactylicities in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where limit access prevents the use of traditional endoscope. The measurement parameters for detection include real time remote recording of temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen in the GI tract. This paper deals with the design of the Microelectronic pill which mainly consists of an outer biocompatible capsule encasing 4channel micro sensors, a control chip, a discrete agent radio vector and 2 silver oxide cells. Our Body is a sensitive system.Many times even doctors arent able to interpret the disease. Thus it take too late to cure it. To remove this problem scientists discovered electronic capsule in 1972. Use of discrete & relatively large components, ridiculous reliability, short li fetimes & low sensitivity makes it outdated. To over pay off all these problems Professor Jon Cooper and Dr Erik Johanessen from Glasgow University , U.K has led to the development of a modern microelectronic pill. When Microelectronic pill is swallowed, hence it will travel through the Gastro Intestinal Tract & simultaneously perform multiparameter in situ physiological analysis After completing its mission it will come out of the body by normal bowel movement The pill is 16mm in diameter & 55mm long weighing around 5 gram It records parameters standardized temperature, pH, Conductivity, & Dissolved Oxygen in real time. PARTS CONTROL CHIP RADIO TRANSMITTER 2 SILVER OXIDE CELLS BIOCOMPATIBLE CAPSULE ENCASING MICROSENSOR SILICON DIODE 3 ELECTRODE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL DIRECT CONTACT GOLD ELECTRODE ION-SELECTIVE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (ISFET) SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF MICRO ELECTRONIC CAPSULEIt measures the body plaza temperature.Also compensates with the temperature induced signal chan ges in other sensors. It besides identifies local changes associated with TISSUE INFLAMMATION & ULCERS. SILICON DIODEThe ISFET measures pH.It can reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels These abnormalities include Pancreatic diseaseHypertensionInflammatory bowel diseaseThe activity of fermenting bacteriaThe level of acid excretion reflux of oesophagusEffect of GI specific drugs on targetorgans.ION-SELECTIVE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (ISFET)The pair of direct contact Gold electrodes measures conductivity, by metre the contents of water & salt absorption, bile secretion & the breakdown of organic components into charged colloids etc. in the GI tract. Since the gold has best conductivity among all the elements, Therefore it gives true value of conductivity as measured. DIRECT CONTACT GOLD ELECTRODEThe three electrode electrochemical cell detects the level of dissolved oxygen in solution. It measures the oxygen gradient from the proximal to the distal GI Tract It investigates Growth of aerobic or bacterial infectionFormation of radicals causing cellular disfigurement & pathophysiological conditions like inflammation & Gastric ulceration. It develops 1 st generation enzymes have-to doe withed with amperometric biosensors. 3 ELECTRODE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLAR catMENT MICRO ELECTRONIC PILL CHIP 1 CHIP 2 CONTROL CHIPThe ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control unit that connects together other components of the micro system. It contains an analogue signal conditioning module operating the sensors, 10-bit analogue to digital (ADC) & digital to analogue (DAC) converters, & digital data processing module The temperature circuitry bias the diode at constant current so that change in temperature reflects a correspondingchange in in diode voltage. The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple kickoff at constant current with the source voltage changing with threshold voltage & pH. The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It mea sures the resistance across the electrode pair as an inverse function of solution conductivity. An incorporated potentiostat circuit operates the O 2 sensor with a 10 bit DAC controlling the working electrode potential w.r.t the write Analogue signals are sequenced through a multiplexer before being digitized by ADC. ASIC & sensors consume 5.3 mW power corresponding to 1.7 mA of current. CONTROL CHIPSize of transmitter = 8 5 3 mmModulation Scheme = Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbpsFrequency = 40.01 MHz at 20 CBandwidth of the signal generated 10 KHzIt consumes 6.8 mW power at 2.2 mA of current.RADIO TRANSMITTOROBSERVATIONS ON RECIEVER COMPUTER2 SR44 Ag 2 O batteries are used.Operating Time 40 hours.Power Consumption = 12.1 mWCorresponding current consumption = 3.9mASupply Voltage = 3.1 V2 SILVER OXIDE BATTERIESRANGE Temperature from 0 to 70 CpH from 1 to 13Dissolved Oxygen up to 8.2 mg per literConductivity above 0.05 mScm -1Full casing dynamic Range anal ogue signal = 2.8 VACCURACY pH channel is around 0.2 unit above the real valueOxygen detector is 0.4 mgL.Temperature & Conductivity is within 1%.RANGE & ACCURACYIt is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human body. There fore it is also called as MAGIC PILL FOR HEALTH CARE Adaptable for use in corrosive & quiescent environment It can be used in industries in evaluation of water quality, Pollution Detection, fermentation process control & inspection of pipelines. Micro Electronic Pill utilizes a PROGRAMMABLE STANDBY MODE , So Power consumption is very less. It has very small size, hence it is very easy for practical usage High sensitivity, Good reliability & Life times. very long life of the cells(40 hours), Less Power, Current & Voltage requirement (12.1 mW, 3.9 mA, 3.1 V) Less transmission length & hence has zero noise interference. ADVANTAGESread thisuse this link to download presentation * RE MICROELECTRONIC PILLS